Even as we continue to drive a myriad of animal species ever closer to the edge of extinction in the wild, we are learning that they are a lot like us as sentient beings. A case in point: orangutans can tell truths from lies.
German researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology recently conducted psychological experiments with nearly three dozen great apes, including chimps, bonobos and orangutans at a zoo in Leipzig, Germany. In the series of tests, whose results have been published in a scientific journal, each of the primates was shown how to slide open the sides of two differently colored plastic boxes, one blue, one yellow, that each had a window built into them on one side so that only the apes could see into the boxes. The apes could choose whether to open the blue or the yellow box.
One human experimenter would then place a small object in one of the boxes, then leave, as an ape watched. Then, the experimenter would either come in with an assistant who took the object and placed it into the other box in front of the experimenter, or else the assistant would come in alone and do the switch alone on the sly without the experimenter seeing it.
In both cases, the experimenter pretended to try and retrieve the object from the empty box appearing as if he did not know that it was not there. The apes were then allowed to choose either of the boxes they liked, for a reward. “In three quarters of the trials where the experimenter was out of the room during the swap – a condition defined as false-belief – the apes chose the box with the object in it rather than the box the person was trying to open,” a scientific blog explains.
This finding has led the researchers to conclude that the primates can “distinguish between true and false beliefs in their helping behavior,” the scientists explain. “Great apes thus may possess at least some basic understanding that an agent’s actions are based on her beliefs about reality. Hence, such understanding might not be the exclusive province of the human species.”
In other words, great apes may be able to understand false beliefs in others and help them accordingly. This is an ability that young children develop on their own, but it seems that orangutans, chimps and bonobos, too, may possess it. All the more reason then to save these beleaguered higher apes, yet in this new century alone as many as 100,000 of the critically endangered primates have died in their natural homes in Sumatra and Borneo.
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