Almost every element in the periodic table has a use in modern society, and we are consuming them in larger volumes because of growing economies and technological innovations. Exotic elements from the periodic table like neodymium, one of the rare earth elements, are used in super strong permanent magnets, and so essential in most electric motors that make electric cars so efficient.
Other technology metals such as lithium and cobalt are needed in greater quantities that before, as are the elements that we have consumed for centuries, such as iron, copper and lead. All these elements have one thing in common: to satisfy demand we will need to extract significant quantities from the earth through mining, and this process has a legacy of environmental impacts.
The mining process involves extracting the metal containing rocks out of the ground and using various processes to separate the metals away from the waste material. The crushing of the rocks alone uses 3% of the world’s generated electric power usage. The environmental impacts of mining are well documented around the world, having caused significant ecosystem damage, pollute waterways, and release emissions to the atmosphere.
However, mining projects can also contribute to GDP growth for many low- and middle-income economies. Mining is a large-scale and far-reaching industry that has the potential to support the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Yet the one-time removal of these non-renewable resources has often failed to bring economic development and for environments, mining brings lasting disruptive consequences.
Recycling has an important role to play in reducing our raw material consumption and driving the circular economy; however, the current stocks of materials being used won’t fill the demand gap predicted by economic growth. Therefore, mining will remain the most important source of many metals for the near future. This means that we should focus on developing methods to reduce the negative impacts of mining.
In order to tackle the environmental issues with mining, we need to understand the impacts. A method to evaluate the environmental performance of a mining project is through the use of a life cycle assessment. This process considers all stages of the mining project as well as all the direct and indirect impacts attributed to it. For example, it would consider the impact directly from the mining, but also the environmental cost associated with the production and use of the electricity, water etc. This holistic approach to assess the environmental performance ensures that environmental burdens, such as emissions, are not just shifted from one location to another.
Recent research at University of Exeter, Camborne School of Mines by the SoSRare Research team has developed a novel method to include this environmental assessment method into the earliest stages of planning for mining projects. The paper title “Environmental optimisation of mine scheduling through life cycle assessment integration” allows for limits to be placed on carbon emissions per year of a mining project and adjusts the mine plan accordingly. This is particularly useful for regions that have carbon pricing.
The results from the study showed that significant reductions in global warming impact could be achieved at a small economic cost. For example, using we presented how using an environmental constraint allowed a mine plan to achieve 91.9% of the global warming impact whilst achieving 95.9% of the net present value (economic value) compared to the standard approach.
This approach enables environmental considerations to be included in strategic mine planning. This is important because mining will continue to form an important part of our society for the foreseeable future. Integrating environmental considerations into the earliest stages of mine planning can assist in driving environmentally responsible raw material extraction.
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